Despite the numerous developments and widespread popularity in the 19 th century, this form of opera encountered some problems. For example, it became less popular in the mid th century.. Another reason was the failure to capture the modern way of life in the works of art. The 20 th century witnessed extensive technological advancements. Efforts were made to ensure that a bigger audience understood the old Beijing opera language. For example, producers were required to apply electronic subtitles.
The need to adopt new technology affected the development of the opera. Also, the Western culture and adverse Chinese political climate hampered the progression of the Beijing opera. Western opera originated in Italy at the end of the 16 th century.. As a result, men were castrated to sing female roles. The art later spread to the rest of Europe. It found its way to nations like England, Germany, and France.
Operas from these countries helped develop the national traditions in the 17 th century. In the 18 th century, Italian opera continued to be a dominant force in most European countries.
The popularity of the opera attracted several well-known foreign writers and musicians, such as Handel. Lippman notes that opera seria was the most celebrated and popular form of Italian opera. Since the advent of the first opera in Italy, numerous opera groups have been formed all over Europe. The emergence of these opera influenced major developments in art in the western world. In the early 19 th century, Bel Canto was the most popular style.
The era witnessed the creation of high quality works by such composers as Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti. The compositions continued to be performed until the s. According to Grout, the mid and late 19 th century is considered to be the golden era of Western Opera. The German-language opera, which is part of the western opera, originated in The first composition, which was called Die Dafne, was written by Heinrich Schutz.
The reason for this is that the Italian Opera works were more dominant in German-speaking countries at the time. Despite this influence, native opera went on to be composed in the later years. In , for example, Sigmund Staden composed the most popular type of German-language opera named: singspiel.
The performance of the opera entailed singing and the use of spoken dialogue. The English Language opera, which forms part of the western opera, originated in the 17 th century. One of them is Venus and Adonis. It is regarded as the original English opera. It was written by John Blow. The French opera, which is another part of the western opera, originated in the s. The production was formed by Jean-Baptiste Lully. He was an Italian. Even though the composer was of Italian origin, he managed to set up a French Academy of Music.
His efforts led to the monopolization of French opera in The Russian opera, which formed part of the traditional western opera, originated in the s. From that moment on, opera became an integral part of entertainment for the aristocracy and the Russian Imperial Court. Due to this, some producers relocated to Russia. The foreigners wrote new operas. One of them was Tsefa I Prokis. It was one of the earliest Russian compositions in It was created by Francesco Domenico Araja..
Since the advent of opera in Italy at the end of the 16 th century, western opera has undergone extensive developments. It has also attracted a huge audience base. Also, the form of art influenced other operas from the rest of the world. The initial western operas entailed the use of tonality.. The process of creating the new stylistic feature was pioneered by Richard Wagner and his Tristan Chord. The composers developed atonality through the intense use of dissonance and chromatics.
Another development of the western opera entailed moving away from the use of long suspended tunes to short quick mottos. The new style was first employed by Guiseppe Verdi in an opera titled Falstaff.
In , the evolution of the western opera took another direction when Russian Igor Stravinsky started applying the neoclassical technique. The methodology was characterized by the absence of the serialist approach of composition.
The shift from serialism acted as an inspiration to other composers, such as Mark Adamo. In the 20 th century, western opera experienced more developments and adjustments. The operas started being performed by a smaller number of artists. The major reason for this was the desire to reduce expenses by the composers.
Besides, operas shifted away from the use of huge string sections and exotic percussion instruments, extra horns, and multiple harps..
Another development of western opera was the advent of contemporary historical compositions. The new operas did not follow the traditional style of basing operas on myth, legend, distant history, and retelling of contemporary fictional stories.
The continuous performance and development of opera composition styles between the 16 th and the 20 th centuries has been influenced by the increasing popularity of the art.
The stage performances provided exclusive entertainment and attracted audiences from different nations in the West. To keep the audience entertained and ensure more recognition, composers strived to develop the art further. The advancements entailed the use of new performance and composition techniques. Also, new and more instruments were incorporated into the performances.
Beijing and western operas come from two different cultural backgrounds. For instance, the Beijing opera is a form of art that represents the Chinese culture. To show the cultural diversity of the Chinese people, the opera uses a rich list of plays.
The plays are based on Chinese traditions, troupes, and performers. Lim et al. The reason for this is its ability to effectively present Chinese cultural facets for centuries. Chinese and Western traditions vary in some aspects. The differences are portrayed in modes of dressing, beliefs, foods, and the way different functions, such as weddings, are conducted.
Beijing opera, being from a Chinese cultural background, combines reading, dancing, acting, fighting, and singing. It also uses acting to represent characters and narrate stories based on their culture. Also, both male and female performers are decorated with facial make-ups..
Also, the colors used have distinct meanings. Red, for example, symbolizes loyalty. On its part, black signifies forthrightness. Western operas are based on some cultural backgrounds.
The reason for this is that the western opera is made of different ethnic and linguistic groups. According to Luciano, the western tradition is a term used to refer to a heritage of belief, social norms, political systems, and ethical values of European origin.
Western operas are exemplified by various literary, artistic, philosophical, legal, and traditional themes. The themes vary from those used in Beijing opera. The reason for this is that the western opera originated in Italy. Barber is of the view that Italy is considered to be the mother of western civilization.
Also, the nation is regarded as a cultural superpower in the world. The various facets of western opera originated in this country. The composition of the first operas was based on Italian philosophies, art, law, and social customs.
As a result of the widespread popularity of the art, the plays were translated into other languages, such as French and German. Beijing and western opera come from distinct social systems. The systems are capitalism and socialism. According to cannon, both western and Beijing operas originated from capitalist social systems. However, the modern Beijing opera falls under the socialist social systems. The change was brought about by political revolutions in China during the s.
Western opera was developed in Italy in the 16 th Century. At the time, capitalism was already prevalent in the nation and most of the Western and North-Western Europe. According to historical literary works, the modern capitalist social system originated in the 14 th century. The emergence of the system was precipitated by a demographic crisis. The predicament resulted from disputes between agricultural producers, land-owning aristocracy, and the serfs..
It later spread to other countries, such as Germany and England. At the time, all these nations had capitalist social systems. Beijing opera was developed at the end of the 18 th century. They were evident during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Since its emergence, Beijing opera survived well in the capitalist social systems and experienced minimal change. The shift of socialist social systems was characterized by the ban of some traditional Beijing opera plays and the creation of new revolutionary art forms.
The revolutionary operas were first performed in According to Lim et al. Between the periods of and , any dramatic works which lacked the Communist Party of China ideologies were viewed as subversive and banned. The two operas share some similarities. For example, they were performed on square stages. The public could watch the performers from three sides of the stage. When performing both art forms, curtains are hung over the platform.
The primary reason for this is to divide the stage into two parts. In Beijing opera, the curtain is referred to as Shoujiu. They include music, dance and vocal performance. There are also martial arts and other forms of stunts. According to Kuo-lin Beijing and western opera, performers wear different sets of costumes during stage performances..
However, Beijing performers are more decorated. A lot of the skills and techniques are actually drawn from ancient Chinese poems. A poem may describe two people who meet and who exchange a single glance. That moment is exaggerated on stage and becomes a part of the performance in a very poetic way. However, western opera singing has a whole set of theories and techniques that we have found very helpful. They train to develop a certain technique that allows for efficient vibration in the head and chest, and things of that nature.
Sometimes a performer has developed a special sound that is very characteristic that is just for themselves. Some are a combination of both. Where to Buy. This entry was posted on Tuesday, June 13th, at and is filed under China , Chinese arts and music , Chinese Culture , Chinese history , cultural differences.
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Notify me of new posts via email. Here we contrast seven aspects. Western operas focus on powerful singing and emotional expression during the performances. The acting is self-explanatory, fluid, and life-like.
In Beijing opera, as well as the more stylized singing, each performer's actions are important ways to tell the story. The performance style is more of a rigid, symbolic visual show. For example, a performer will tie a horsewhip on their wrist and when they wave the horsewhip it means they are riding a horse. Beijing opera's stage is normally a simple platform that only has one side exposed to the audience. A Western opera's stage setup is more complicated.
The stage normally has vivid and various props. A Beijing opera performer's makeup is more difficult and complicated than that of a performer in a Western opera. A Western opera performer's makeup is closer to real life, while makeup for Beijing opera is thick, unnatural, and heavy in colors, which symbolize character roles. In Western operas, often a full orchestra is used, while only traditional Chinese percussion instruments, such as drums and gongs, are used in Beijing opera.
In Beijing opera, performers are divided into four fixed roles :Sheng hero , Dan heroine , Jing painted face , and Chou comic.
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